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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: h1 [" c2 e2 f# r4 O' C/ JBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ Q# |' D0 A+ p9 H3 {
Exposure to Testosterone; z# H* t# l3 r3 Z# }0 Y t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 {9 t7 |5 q) Z0 F( W# Z$ h7 land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. P' K3 m7 {. |: e. z F2 b; i
Clinical Pediatrics
6 ?* f% n( j# [Volume 46 Number 6( A, f: a D9 D4 u, m
July 2007 540-543
/ a' Z& b2 {) |© 2007 Sage Publications$ _+ v$ k" ~) {& J4 O% K
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 Y# {/ U4 r" K1 `http://clp.sagepub.com
9 ^" _1 B; z* w8 A' d) v3 U2 I* Ehosted at
# H3 D4 M- q2 f& ihttp://online.sagepub.com
& v0 K0 D" o# a0 R# k8 u8 ]3 rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 w, v- `3 q( H. k0 f3 W! g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 K# S7 S% |; h. V2 y( {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' G4 |1 u' L( w( D- U( Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& G! w$ T) n# h% K# M. ?, K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# V/ E( S- P8 Y/ I
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* p2 E2 m# p+ H9 L' ^+ R+ Kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: f/ e S$ f# H% j
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* t, l; @. e; m5 _4 ]cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% F7 n, @ G7 M: U4 L' J# nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; M2 ?* c/ ?( u6 }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ ?' P/ U" a3 h1 c. W
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" R' h% ]9 R" b0 _1 h1 n/ D+ wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& b3 @* |* W/ c& p7 C1 k) g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-! g. I$ j8 [! d& ]) H
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 v$ z V7 j7 E7 h/ e
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 P3 G3 z5 l; |& {( T1 l$ H
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 }0 m" q- g2 o1 K1 Obly more common than the rare case report in the* b7 W# |" I! W8 r, x2 ^* O/ p! h2 q
literature.4
# K0 v9 B5 H% k) DPatient Report
/ ]! L7 |8 E! s$ k/ Y+ f% S2 hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 s: ?% o! T w7 Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# k& x- I; L, g. E/ ^, [of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% v& r: e u8 Q# ~3 rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
# {; Y- v* y p6 Q8 `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; z, X$ ?7 d1 e8 A D {7 d
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( n, h3 |7 Y$ q) a6 ^1 f9 [# V
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 \' {# e; }$ ?$ q; A
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" A/ k6 N( x1 W7 b* ~. q8 f) H" ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) Z/ p) f# x- N( D' ]' M# Z( ?
e-mail: [email protected]., p! @% e7 O0 ?! w/ Y4 [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became2 F3 R6 s$ I" L- P* E0 n) S; `" W
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! k- T% E" j8 F& d( |3 m
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! y; E) `- k' `+ D; S8 u" O5 Zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 z: G" Y1 Z2 L# [2 y; S+ k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 k5 j7 Z5 J* f# g9 l) u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: p+ Y5 v* [- w B6 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 j7 B( B5 p0 L8 Zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 ]0 N& T. ?/ y. U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 ~( P3 N* U; H$ l U6 a; w# F) Swas age appropriate.
& K# }/ `; ^! E0 i. `The family history was remarkable for the father,- R( d: x& U6 l* s- y$ U
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! |' u* c3 p& T" {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 V) q! B: O4 s; Q, I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 x3 H. W8 a4 n3 Q' ~3 Y' a/ Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: @ _: `( H% H
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 z3 R0 M3 F% y% L; R
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& f1 }0 J7 w9 Y: c swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( Q1 Q7 S, r8 _
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre- S5 w* N8 o: A/ n9 q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 Z9 I1 ?& l0 }9 U6 U; a( [5 rtives. There were no siblings.# _3 g: I+ T; B4 @! C* w" v& j
Physical Examination
9 P+ z, G+ K" w( \- JThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 V' M+ p( m) i) G3 k" X
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" @; }, Z! G6 R+ `/ }- Ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% ^7 V( C/ V+ A2 V5 y8 m90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 r# Q8 T; @0 t& _1 X* d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 P5 S3 u$ y# f/ p/ h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, I+ |, P* m7 ~3 J4 C9 h
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ v$ A4 J0 A) }0 `, X9 jThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ g( M( T/ K. a3 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, f, r0 r* [7 D, T- g+ F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( M+ m/ J X; }; X: @) q/ f
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% K/ p7 |8 P# B$ n, o
5408 V3 x+ Y1 u8 r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: \/ m( A& k2 J6 A3 q: Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 l, K, n/ M d& F9 U K+ d8 `* z! Itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% m1 t9 M; [. I% p/ w0 ~5 NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! Z3 E' m& X) z* o/ F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! o) ]3 j' K: T: o8 p3 b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 |/ h/ @' ]! cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! @9 N9 B3 d: J! z0 b* A
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 v/ C9 h& b: N5 z8 g1 k
of papilledema.
; e4 A+ L# y& o2 v1 e- l. ELaboratory Evaluation
/ G C8 j/ a# D; V/ F AThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
0 Y( ~% X: y9 L- @) F& ?% I" Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 q8 k: \$ G3 p1 b0 C) x* z4 C3 e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 y" r/ X+ _5 @& b6 V. [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! F9 Q [. J$ ~) A: t; ]0 tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# F4 e" F% L: _8 F# A$ c# Q" ~* A2 g
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 T" |, r2 ^' A* z pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' t3 s3 [* g! q* K5 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& E$ M: P2 ^, s
within normal range for his age. The concentration! r+ J$ x; I1 ?, d( f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 q3 O2 F# X, f- d$ q' B6 w! a( C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 V! X# | K8 H2 U3 t) ?
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 `8 U+ G9 ]6 P" Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 }5 j0 J- _* O% O' t7 ]- H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 ]4 ^0 u+ ?4 ?5 u1 l7 K! k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
t. g$ S8 o4 J7 xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 t; c) S0 M/ g) i! Q) {5 ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( s3 H* h! R7 n! ]$ ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 x+ ^9 w1 q0 d) g$ W2 s
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ f% x/ g2 H8 { C$ h2 [* |# ^/ G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; W% `6 g4 `( W: e% L: R8 k$ n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ }1 I& i' ]5 g2 y4 z8 |; E1 B! |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ K; }8 O( }; m. f7 k5 y. Z/ g! @, {2 V(prepubertal).& _" s N! A' h4 d
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& c8 m, ?! y* D4 \5 ?5 \% }results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 G) z! c1 M6 x# a, k/ K: y! lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 M. S" c( z: J4 u+ Qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to E) j7 z+ w) @0 S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ B4 G" w! s& t5 @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 R( O. ^ U. N$ G) G5 G. MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
8 B% ]5 V0 ^8 m }$ J( vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 L5 a% P9 V$ c4 c1 Q8 M/ u7 ]7 l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 n' b8 T& r. ^. j4 u4 xunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 C! _+ L1 Q& o4 }# g) n
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 l y1 A9 e) F+ pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% p, f( H! n2 Q/ y6 ?1 }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 G! t7 W# F8 _% d) @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- l( n% Z3 L @9 q7 [4 w
ing frequent erections.
+ p( k3 E+ u" @* l/ E3 iBoth parents were again questioned about use of
: U% Y, V3 v; ]/ h3 i: D( `7 Q% many ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 E6 h: [' Y Q0 tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; Z5 Q3 | h7 N) f" TTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- b7 q2 i+ p& j5 m0 c7 ?use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' I( M. u5 J+ \
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 L% w: R* n3 ?/ Q; j w$ ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 N+ K1 F0 l" M% d- kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 u) ? d) y% k1 `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ G+ P& v0 _' w5 C1 p2 e. W
secondary to depression.
* |7 Z& T& f6 B5 h& q- x0 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.8 E( j" b: y* R( |4 I# p" g
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: ]* g5 d4 s& G ?. Ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# V$ ]' e+ W6 O9 Z2 I- z3 t1 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" c! Z5 T' [2 ?& X/ ?( q. aThe father also admitted that after the phone call, z5 c l+ k, B+ s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby# u I9 m( U' Y, B! a7 `2 \! d. W
was high, he then read the product information
1 Q2 `( o. V4 ~: ^! Z( U/ Rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& o) V2 p/ ~* q* ^+ J+ }# T2 Z, n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. u+ n7 ~& L t1 X" ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
q- a7 l( G& y6 D% S, c: ^# Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* l$ ~ b# V, f' K7 M4 }3 o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ r* V5 i, B7 N. S4 G+ otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 v' I0 a+ i) F& o; T. w
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ C9 U6 l/ }8 i A- M1 m6 zDiscussion
; C# T6 i. m. i5 r' IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; y: t8 } P/ v4 |* @* f2 J5 v/ ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 N" b" r0 r, X: I" q' y R* xPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) t$ w; Q, u: P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 ?2 F2 ^0 |- R- F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- `' i3 C2 y7 j. B6 M5 ?* g6 {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! {: i& v3 d& B/ M9 Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 e* K3 I- b7 C3 N# }responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 p% D& F: z$ h9 i7 k0 c" J+ j
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 R; o9 p9 N7 Z5 B6 E# \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% M/ s* U0 c& L. }2 y3 a. ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ l2 y1 k$ H2 g! c* d/ z1 uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# m( b' c% O$ \) ?! @
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: q) Z" M( ^) U7 r8 X/ jgonadotropins.1,3" ~5 S6 p( K* C# S
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 z* }+ l" @. U4 {7 l. }; Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ A8 V E( ]0 L; Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 ~$ J2 f! a! a0 E
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) v3 e' ]; n M0 L( A- ~. h# N+ _ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing ?/ N6 M& ?. X5 U, }1 @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; C/ X! v v) x; R- D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' J b$ Y. g9 S4 @) Z; m, O/ m: _- Spuberty in boys.3,4 u4 i6 V- ]2 ]2 l# C
The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 U# z3 @- F3 v+ Z" `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 ]) N/ c- A/ W5 \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" A: \" k8 |' t' ?8 B- A3 \$ Yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# H# M, J8 e8 q! \6 c, `; c8 W
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 i, O$ @, W4 b5 l; ^excess.1,3
9 f) \$ f9 Z" I* hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ a) G1 Y3 z: k7 X$ {+ h9 g: E# G7 P) t
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 C9 O1 U3 k+ `% M8 JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ d1 ~1 g$ ~ \1 zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ \' R; B1 V, ]) ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% b: Q; Z6 H G! ?6 S1 W' \very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 |: b3 S s3 X: s0 m9 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ W/ e3 G _1 W' r4 J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 y; A7 b& v1 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 f0 ^% z% h# R+ gare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 F9 X! W- o5 D& H6 `2 T0 Ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 j1 j+ N' F4 M3 p" Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. |3 P* }1 e9 L* ?, U/ ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 n* g$ H2 W+ g$ c. C1 g& B0 mmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 F6 x f1 w2 l2 e- E/ b' \
may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ m* Q+ d- F* ]! eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! K! g( c h0 E1 N4 a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) d, c2 n3 ]& J0 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 A: f, K$ M1 }* S0 _' |, \was in the differential diagnosis because his father& z; t. N$ c# ?2 Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 T2 \/ \8 j8 S8 ?* i& ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# {; S) A! }( m* R
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' _. E. c- l1 H0 N- ^2 P6 h1 g# xative initial history of androgen exposure, our" p! o# s. Q2 N% _7 E2 a7 o5 S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# u- K# l0 X1 i3 G' U
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& t( V5 ]) A g7 l( k, tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% z# a7 C& Z; B8 b; G
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., K. X; o3 f! @, Q, i. z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; o- j& A/ q! A& s0 v$ D, N4 P9 ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 V' b4 |: d- e; e) F: G- Lthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" n7 Y4 @) m, b3 upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! K, o8 r0 E& |& |, [/ l- Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! C& N, S+ `- E. r4 b, c6 u/ B
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ @- K) L4 F% o5 fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ G; J8 g6 u: M" K" H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 c* b3 |* W% x8 v' o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* i; k7 h3 E( E0 O5 p. P( ~) Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. e: o. G& ^7 M v" q# n& u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 @/ n) t! [( X+ e0 w7 |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# n2 h* A' Z9 |3 e* E( W m! @3 P. neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 U4 X+ x$ f' _. H9 s
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica- l" o9 ?7 C& p( k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& ~* n7 p P1 WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ v: ]# z, `9 J9 E, H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ F7 y2 H2 D" U1 u" s" G' F2 ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' O1 C5 _& ^% k/ x
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" U5 s/ q V y9 k1 t9 G$ j
active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 [, h6 k" C) Rexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ K: V, d5 r# `' E
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ G- e; n" a$ K( q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 c- @! F' `6 q, D9 O2 g
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
% j$ V1 `, o% y; `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" p7 M* V/ e, n, kThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) \& K# c p& m K! g
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! {& |- D8 B- A5 Padult height are not fully known and always remain
@* S) i; @- K" C- da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# u/ P$ N2 {- |% ?2 p/ N
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ t2 r, {. R n0 v6 Q$ y+ H9 w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 d# i; n! _( ^cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 J! k8 _* @' B8 C. M2 ^
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& J( J2 g( ~" x) K7 e: k0 w- c( V
There are conflicting reports and controversy
1 Y( @3 n' o1 W( kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 S: G7 z: G) T R i/ @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, Z; |. z1 k$ Padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& U/ G% |* r+ r+ i
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; c. T' ^/ K, h U# W8 R2 [5 u$ a+ zSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 L4 P9 K+ R1 a: D( M% |childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% `& h. f; k, _. c" _penile length in clinical studies.! \2 M) D8 e2 R
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& H/ F' f4 P* e+ Igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. y% i1 {; J, F5 G4 u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
9 g! I9 V: U) Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 a) P V `8 Z8 a4 S, y4 ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 I0 g1 m: C: b/ X2 C3 e
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 u. V- S4 Y, Q- f: F: xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 K+ u) M" M" I8 f8 X
height will not be affected.
4 J1 T% L' ?: n7 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-" L9 ?8 o6 }- |% [& C8 z8 n
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 V. a( s* h- r5 I0 y) Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female( i2 [# T5 j% |4 q% n+ p
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* O1 p$ e% n" y# F# q4 jgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 H0 a/ [; e, X. E7 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 h3 g0 ^1 ] a, Z/ O# e* Z
gel should be asked of the family members during
& d9 ?0 x- X0 A/ Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# @ o: ~& e3 ~
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 e# [- O' b5 j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: _* J! V0 E! O; N) v' Bappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 C" m0 i" w+ N4 Lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 Z/ S3 n" b3 k3 A- d/ ]5 J q- H
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ L0 y. f# c) g/ `2 w4 s9 G% @investigation. The primary care physician should be
; U" V: ` ~7 }& L/ z" n' q! Maware of this fact, because most of these children
7 F) N' A! }! }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ R8 H* ~! i! D/ N, W3 E
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 B$ g; K J" C8 |warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" R2 Y7 _1 n( Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 u- J' w- j8 p; p; L5 E4 C9 Z# ?/ uone using any of these products.' E ?! `( n9 ~7 M# I5 @; c
References5 q Z7 x8 ]6 I9 \& Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ @- }, O) }1 u# A% o. Hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 j: ?, c }8 x0 k7 i
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 \& m W6 m- n! P# S2002: 565-628.8 h' q2 C* G3 c; z
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
o0 L9 ~1 c y1 s( C9 Hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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