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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% h# v' g% \4 V" C! t' U+ L$ NBoy Induced by Indirect Topical3 U- R4 G, E6 D$ Z2 t
Exposure to Testosterone
& k* p7 c* O4 u1 c+ ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 p3 y3 f( |2 T4 ~+ qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 S5 b% J. X% p. S% T) K6 eClinical Pediatrics7 F) o- h4 }6 ]$ h1 {
Volume 46 Number 6/ g+ B& e7 ~: Q( p" Q
July 2007 540-543
9 C  c6 y' d) {3 {4 Y1 ^5 N% Z4 M© 2007 Sage Publications
6 g8 M6 J  C  y- s10.1177/0009922806296651; b: Z+ Y7 G& [, R0 }5 I; P
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 f5 j+ d+ y4 N0 s8 W+ |, }hosted at5 K9 Z& `4 |8 a  C
http://online.sagepub.com
. `) ]7 R& x8 ^: ]1 mPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ \% a7 ^; u& _* S5 D
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
% c: A: A2 U3 W' z# `/ s: xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated& o5 ^2 d# A! p0 I6 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 L% O" Y: {9 ?. k" P; c' ~# B  s
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% ~; x4 S) W7 y) w
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ y( O7 y. o/ iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 x, g: j3 f+ z5 o  _hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) d/ M& F. O1 M% P8 X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& N1 C$ K4 Z& I+ o) Lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ ^! V: @6 L7 v/ ?+ c
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- _: x+ X/ N3 s" Y8 C7 M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  q  F# X8 m3 a, A9 G& t; v- U( [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) A+ r% A* o( u: Vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' |. }5 E3 ~3 N/ e' u9 Q1 }mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ X/ t% C# z/ Hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 T' j/ h6 P2 E3 F9 Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: n, v% r  w' R# }& hbly more common than the rare case report in the0 X6 n: H3 m' L* j
literature.4$ D5 P+ i# B+ t) w0 G
Patient Report
- s3 t, F5 h/ EA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; u* `7 J. W+ }9 iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' C, W. m9 c6 U5 M: U% [- p
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( s/ b. u( X1 V9 P; N5 ]0 ?! i7 j
light colored pubic hair development when he was, p" S6 g3 ]  g; q: V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: M& D% Z5 ~1 y( X6 ISouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- x) T; T# K6 n
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& J" P1 \" @9 B/ I1 G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) e4 b  X; p5 r; \/ P1 T' pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 F) X7 z' ?" _' ze-mail: [email protected].
( `1 X& `. L5 `! d' E  i# R8 Pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" a& |) E, p! G& E8 d+ j8 Mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( |4 o4 Z6 y$ D& [' F: D2 [2 T- }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 G. @, L; O) F, }was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* H; H) C) K; j' `; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' q0 d$ U+ z* e' l20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* K8 c9 v$ s: ~& X* {* `
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- G' d/ @& Z6 C
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ ]; z9 i0 P1 G+ q, X+ f( W. L/ land his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( k4 q& w) F7 k: D4 S/ Nwas age appropriate.. e, {  A1 X$ ]5 h6 b
The family history was remarkable for the father,! p" b  d" j' U, G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) _- N8 t9 }. L+ _! L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s9 q! \# X# d) m7 ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' d0 x8 V) U0 Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ M3 Q/ Z, O$ K/ O3 N
The father denied taking any other medication. The* i. @- _7 j$ P' K& d2 k& `
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; g0 x! Z* z' j/ f9 \, o, Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 ]( h- ?* d% t
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ A0 i! c5 |$ I( w* ]2 j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! z  q$ J: ^8 q3 b  t7 f! A, Stives. There were no siblings.$ S' b1 u  B1 `' q7 T9 v
Physical Examination$ n* ~# b% j; ]% Q7 I: @
The physical examination revealed a very active,
. H/ n" ]+ m2 o: {  }playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 f: r* L( Z; u4 Wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# O" R: {! w" F8 L+ Y  v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: r4 S+ m7 r$ Q3 G7 ?1 z9 \0 e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 @( B) }, i( k: i( o" q# Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  C8 `% N2 t3 Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. K  S0 V% \4 }! }0 dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for. V5 A2 ?0 }) c+ y8 c3 U' q$ o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ L, o; v6 ~! C/ T# l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 b$ v1 y! b" `
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ X3 L' h* n8 _# v+ j540
( ]+ O* l5 J' x; @- k3 }1 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  O$ N6 L8 M( E% x4 f( C2 e4 R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 l/ O/ P. \5 L4 a; j, b$ I) |) q  U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( |0 s1 V* R8 k7 q3 r0 i
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 G' L; R9 b- r9 u) ]% S' D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, C3 h; t, d* K  f7 k$ N0 y$ z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- Y: v9 Q* G1 A! l. V& S0 G" ]Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ j2 Q# i( x, C. c  R) E; \7 Hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 J+ S# h( W! O9 X+ @- f7 D
of papilledema.
) A* S8 c# a( D' k1 J" QLaboratory Evaluation% R: ]* n: k9 y# ]. [* P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 w" s; j6 q/ N! yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& u: ]  O2 y& \; d$ O# G8 z1 o
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 ~0 s; h' S6 V, B9 G$ a1 X+ c
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 b2 ^' F9 h0 L; M+ B) H4 u. P
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# t0 F8 u: v" q' G" e3 N: alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ w; R/ [. a0 ^6 s4 N. ~5 B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 q1 V6 n; C+ I7 g- B2 }; zurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; O2 {: a8 M! }; d6 ~  U: O- owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
7 l& J" m4 V% m! b8 [of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. J+ [$ G% _" l% ~1 g$ ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. `" I. M  N  v8 T# L5 Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 j0 Q& F, f6 c
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; J6 h# C0 c% N" b4 H( G* y% [. T
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. @7 L- U# R& S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; H; }2 b. R) [0 O* Z6 z1 |was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- i& l% W- g5 M* x3 s$ i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 r" u8 z' n8 M3 j* H6 |
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ e! I" {9 }6 |% C7 B( [! {* wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ f2 M$ K6 x, X5 r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) }0 J& K$ R! t- @* Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone/ x1 H, H/ @9 H: f6 _
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& G9 }% H0 j) q! J/ T(prepubertal).
# f; w) D2 t: m9 K4 ~4 _- b% R% eThe parents were notified about the laboratory
( e6 z# u1 p9 M0 C+ Dresults and were informed that all of the tests were! N8 B" @6 m6 X5 r* w6 R3 a/ {/ V6 b
normal except the testosterone level was high. The  I& k( E, h8 ~; [2 ~
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ W% E+ W& J. f; mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ i, U. Z# A7 X& s! s1 Aever, the family did not return for 4 months.  t- a) S  r9 }: X) j+ O! W. S2 |, v( }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 B% Z  X& `6 l( z- Achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" l) \; @* J+ _- I# |# ~: ^2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# A, d$ v" ^- O  ?2 U! g. ~! w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" X0 z: E' @3 O' H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( i# M) i! L  B5 q  y( D6 p! Q/ T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  ^: ]- |* }5 {  ^# ~8 NmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 M7 H1 _- Y, {1 u0 i
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, _- K  G- M8 G! f) t3 M, P% }ing frequent erections.2 L/ ?( y. R7 `
Both parents were again questioned about use of& y; \5 t- Q9 y- h$ L3 z" ?, ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! x1 m0 y( k7 S- k3 G; d. dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) L. d0 \4 O( RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# U% r3 I  B& b: a* [0 F# d5 `! quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% ~+ \2 \* [7 ?2 o# R  q- ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for) c6 x$ G1 _* {
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 {2 K( l% J( x* g. |+ [
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" Z8 `5 y1 O# y1 g+ Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( W% ]9 F9 n2 E$ u! M* |secondary to depression.
& x( m' r8 v! Q# y5 k$ SThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
) ^! S9 H  q- i8 o' HThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( y- \. d! a7 l: C6 pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; t" f2 k, e& dnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* R: W# j! E3 R8 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 R6 F% u' V. U. z8 u0 D& g9 Z3 swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 R. ^  h# o; Awas high, he then read the product information$ m# L7 k  E9 _# @/ E$ H# `
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' `/ V- z9 \9 b. j9 p) G7 o# p
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ ^* ~  u1 |% d) o& Q% ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ R) w1 s1 s" c3 I8 t0 Zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had! F# f( O# C. F: u
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' ?  Y# m5 D! l7 H$ h+ Ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ I6 l; n9 K4 l- k' f
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 K' W% h- w3 nDiscussion9 O! J$ n5 {5 X5 c2 G0 j" F6 ^! Y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- u9 J: C- W% s; G8 f. p4 b+ y& ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& \1 `, W$ {8 v. W7 A/ a6 BPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 P. B( F: H) g- h
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& Z& l5 E4 H) L4 w. E
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' R( V5 g% y; p" g' {# e3 k+ Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& Q! w/ r( K0 x, I4 M8 Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is
* H* ~; P9 ~+ Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 K& S9 k5 d" H. X8 Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* v$ ?- y3 Z5 b  F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' i; X& C, D0 @4 L  U% Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' `$ _1 y& B% H% d8 bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 F0 a" |  w5 t! {- I$ |* erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 Z# ?4 H0 X: k" v" T/ o* U$ ugonadotropins.1,3
6 t, R% g* p, t$ M- V7 \3 GGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, f) A* y) z3 V4 V0 x
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 u7 l* `+ G# R- t9 ]) zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or' E% ~0 T; S' B: u; O2 I7 z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" H( `" i) c: Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& p7 g) U( c$ a6 V8 \% _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 w9 D/ y2 q  u" [4 E) s# |# d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( R! F: A& W* i# f- p7 b5 b. A0 opuberty in boys.3,45 P% \& @) [: F- ^! Q9 @3 a% ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 H0 n! E8 e) {+ q0 D0 V/ ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: V* u# s8 g" n+ F  S, {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* B& N. o) G3 T, ^& w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# R4 K- u6 p# G. x/ o2 W# p' G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 }$ _" Z* ?: o5 S# l' u/ gexcess.1,3
6 n9 h7 l5 R8 |. h7 dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 j' \6 i$ ?* P$ P! A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* o7 ~) f% H$ ~( M; o% D
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, H- r! w6 d, [independent precocious puberty, which is also known! J3 R$ J/ A. t
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! l7 ^" P! n. J, p
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% h: o+ J  g3 uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 y# I# k5 O0 J/ |( G& z9 uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 {& [# l9 Q3 ~- p, D5 ?5 B/ T
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 L: F8 t% F: ?: e
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 g: q% `6 w8 _' W) e! m
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ R6 Z2 F* W, }5 C1 A/ I; {
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 e& B) A" X  t" S1 k( \# j
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 }9 G( F1 u( [$ G
males; therefore, other male members of the family% [% s2 ]8 @2 [. O* d9 _
may have similar precocious puberty.3' P/ e8 y1 @! G5 R# X2 P
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. N4 I# g3 L: n3 _0 R6 ]0 W6 a7 t+ Rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& `- A0 R3 W& J+ y9 [0 d( R) X5 e2 S
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! I9 S  s: a0 l4 p4 h! F7 W7 Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 n: O6 Q) t, W6 qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# D1 |, R# }, |0 C$ E" }testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
" q+ p! B/ a0 S5 Q7 Y% vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 X# _6 c! y, S5 L  F! zative initial history of androgen exposure, our) b9 o) i6 t% @# x
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  y7 h4 I! y' Q, G% L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% j6 ^- G* J0 ~, Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 _4 c; G" N: F) d1 Oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) _0 w* b: C$ Y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, l0 ?" V4 S* I( p/ [) _5 nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 \; l2 F( Z# R5 Q: U  |9 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 O  U% J! y% y- O5 a3 E, z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 S" O; J. Q6 X# q$ F# `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, `7 a* Z4 |5 B' P& B( i
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 f4 }$ F# i! P: W2 Q6 c6 C
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" e; X9 }( ^; b5 ^Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 c3 `* b# U  M. z: O8 z2 W( |
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 z& a5 g. z& Q% e! ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ p- d3 H) Q9 \# ~* _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 _  o  M/ R& M  t9 abaseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ r4 a+ @$ U0 r5 @% O1 peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 q# Y  Q5 w' h6 a* j6 C" Y6 ?4 ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
% T. a6 V* L, b8 l, V) k0 Qtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ r6 B+ v8 y5 z; y+ M$ @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# a. t* ?' y. z' A
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: d( `5 [7 _! `  ~$ f: ^" e! I
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ W! e, \6 U/ P5 b! c( V- [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ M* d4 ?: T  C. p2 e( U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
0 t% ?, M- o( ]  l: S+ bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ D8 e% F. F! G3 m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 Q6 [: ]6 J0 t1 B+ x3 U; K2 G7 evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in5 }2 R" n- t! E+ p; d& j; z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 a; V# h$ K, [" N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 p, T4 t( k) D2 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. l& ^- P  I! S' w4 X! Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final
* ~6 @/ j- I& z, W, E4 Hadult height are not fully known and always remain
: m9 r$ B  N5 c# d! [a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 G6 v7 T) i4 r' }terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) h2 ?- ~4 _0 V) i% ]8 c* [0 O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 u2 R! A- M8 N$ u' lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( s. i! Q- W  C1 j! `; Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" K! Q: o9 x8 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
/ F1 ~; G' g; L) dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 [  b9 l# Y3 i' L6 i% S$ J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% s5 x) g( b) V, ]% x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. D) Y: W6 i$ A- c$ \
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 A; V1 ~+ x  N, I5 _4 \* nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ l7 t: e  f1 p# ]
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 j! W+ {3 k' q
penile length in clinical studies.; b3 F- k4 \* }; X/ [2 x3 q# P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& A: }0 @/ x9 m4 Q8 U
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. @  l5 t( P- d- n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 V9 [1 U* a; W# w* ]8 n
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 o( Z* @! y  ^3 `1 Q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. W* f/ E; k8 q0 L0 Z& B1 cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# `! @3 U1 B: x$ b7 Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ V. I0 k% N2 R& ^6 Qheight will not be affected.
' l0 h/ o. _! K5 u! UAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, s2 n/ p, u% I6 w1 |# j# W& rability of androgen products in our society may( O# m7 a, _/ t# L' D: t2 ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female' R$ o% r: b: y
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# o, Q/ q  _  }% r6 D2 W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ _5 ^$ J8 u% c, U6 |$ h# |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# D6 P6 ^+ i- ^# o
gel should be asked of the family members during: K8 X% I/ Q# u6 t- U3 Q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-1 O* X! L) g. q; p& _/ [
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 E; A  y' x/ b8 s7 s' m# B$ z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 q' E5 N- c  c/ Y4 Dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( C; s  S0 w1 O& g, M
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% d* ^  Z3 B4 @' l
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
, l' Y! T9 M. ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' o0 N, x' x9 W/ u+ {aware of this fact, because most of these children, p& L) p9 U  U& t5 ]0 g5 v# }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" H- l7 Q1 `! @) z* G  B- JDesk Reference and package insert should also put a8 V* D8 T& k5 R/ i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& G7 b! D0 f/ k5 zfemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 b9 U' m. ?$ L% V1 {# P1 ~one using any of these products.
# R: K3 }8 g& C$ yReferences( X6 G/ B; x/ I6 g7 f3 ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% U- ^& q9 B1 u6 A8 `and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 g4 h" E4 p1 w8 h0 }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 {) g$ D( N0 e/ w$ K9 m4 E
2002: 565-628.7 @8 y4 z- ^! E, z0 f4 e
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) I6 U5 {9 k+ F2 Y# }7 N2 [2 n
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: h1 [" c2 e2 f# r4 O' C/ JBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ Q# |' D0 A+ p9 H3 {
Exposure to Testosterone; z# H* t# l3 r3 Z# }0 Y  t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 {9 t7 |5 q) Z0 F( W# Z$ h7 land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. P' K3 m7 {. |: e. z  F2 b; i
Clinical Pediatrics
6 ?* f% n( j# [Volume 46 Number 6( A, f: a  D9 D4 u, m
July 2007 540-543
/ a' Z& b2 {) |© 2007 Sage Publications$ _+ v$ k" ~) {& J4 O% K
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 Y# {/ U4 r" K1 `http://clp.sagepub.com
9 ^" _1 B; z* w8 A' d) v3 U2 I* Ehosted at
# H3 D4 M- q2 f& ihttp://online.sagepub.com
& v0 K0 D" o# a0 R# k8 u8 ]3 rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 w, v- `3 q( H. k0 f3 W! g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 K# S7 S% |; h. V2 y( {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' G4 |1 u' L( w( D- U( Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& G! w$ T) n# h% K# M. ?, K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# V/ E( S- P8 Y/ I
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* p2 E2 m# p+ H9 L' ^+ R+ Kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: f/ e  S$ f# H% j
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* t, l; @. e; m5 _4 ]cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% F7 n, @  G7 M: U4 L' J# nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; M2 ?* c/ ?( u6 }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ ?' P/ U" a3 h1 c. W
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" R' h% ]9 R" b0 _1 h1 n/ D+ wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& b3 @* |* W/ c& p7 C1 k) g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-! g. I$ j8 [! d& ]) H
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 v$ z  V7 j7 E7 h/ e
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 P3 G3 z5 l; |& {( T1 l$ H
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 }0 m" q- g2 o1 K1 Obly more common than the rare case report in the* b7 W# |" I! W8 r, x2 ^* O/ p! h2 q
literature.4
# K0 v9 B5 H% k) DPatient Report
/ ]! L7 |8 E! s$ k/ Y+ f% S2 hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 s: ?% o! T  w7 Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# k& x- I; L, g. E/ ^, [of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% v& r: e  u8 Q# ~3 rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
# {; Y- v* y  p6 Q8 `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; z, X$ ?7 d1 e8 A  D  {7 d
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( n, h3 |7 Y$ q) a6 ^1 f9 [# V
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 \' {# e; }$ ?$ q; A
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" A/ k6 N( x1 W7 b* ~. q8 f) H" ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) Z/ p) f# x- N( D' ]' M# Z( ?
e-mail: [email protected]., p! @% e7 O0 ?! w/ Y4 [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became2 F3 R6 s$ I" L- P* E0 n) S; `" W
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! k- T% E" j8 F& d( |3 m
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! y; E) `- k' `+ D; S8 u" O5 Zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 z: G" Y1 Z2 L# [2 y; S+ k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 k5 j7 Z5 J* f# g9 l) u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: p+ Y5 v* [- w  B6 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 j7 B( B5 p0 L8 Zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 ]0 N& T. ?/ y. U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 ~( P3 N* U; H$ l  U6 a; w# F) Swas age appropriate.
& K# }/ `; ^! E0 i. `The family history was remarkable for the father,- R( d: x& U6 l* s- y$ U
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! |' u* c3 p& T" {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 V) q! B: O4 s; Q, I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 x3 H. W8 a4 n3 Q' ~3 Y' a/ Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: @  _: `( H% H
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 z3 R0 M3 F% y% L; R
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& f1 }0 J7 w9 Y: c  swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( Q1 Q7 S, r8 _
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  S5 w* N8 o: A/ n9 q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 Z9 I1 ?& l0 }9 U6 U; a( [5 rtives. There were no siblings.# _3 g: I+ T; B4 @! C* w" v& j
Physical Examination
9 P+ z, G+ K" w( \- JThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 V' M+ p( m) i) G3 k" X
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" @; }, Z! G6 R+ `/ }- Ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% ^7 V( C/ V+ A2 V5 y8 m90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 r# Q8 T; @0 t& _1 X* d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 P5 S3 u$ y# f/ p/ h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, I+ |, P* m7 ~3 J4 C9 h
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ v$ A4 J0 A) }0 `, X9 jThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ g( M( T/ K. a3 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, f, r0 r* [7 D, T- g+ F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( M+ m/ J  X; }; X: @) q/ f
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% K/ p7 |8 P# B$ n, o
5408 V3 x+ Y1 u8 r
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: \/ m( A& k2 J6 A3 q: Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 l, K, n/ M  d& F9 U  K+ d8 `* z! Itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% m1 t9 M; [. I% p/ w0 ~5 NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! Z3 E' m& X) z* o/ F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! o) ]3 j' K: T: o8 p3 b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 |/ h/ @' ]! cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! @9 N9 B3 d: J! z0 b* A
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 v/ C9 h& b: N5 z8 g1 k
of papilledema.
; e4 A+ L# y& o2 v1 e- l. ELaboratory Evaluation
/ G  C8 j/ a# D; V/ F  AThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
0 Y( ~% X: y9 L- @) F& ?% I" Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 q8 k: \$ G3 p1 b0 C) x* z4 C3 e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 y" r/ X+ _5 @& b6 V. [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! F9 Q  [. J$ ~) A: t; ]0 tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# F4 e" F% L: _8 F# A$ c# Q" ~* A2 g
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 T" |, r2 ^' A* z  pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' t3 s3 [* g! q* K5 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& E$ M: P2 ^, s
within normal range for his age. The concentration! r+ J$ x; I1 ?, d( f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 q3 O2 F# X, f- d$ q' B6 w! a( C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 V! X# |  K8 H2 U3 t) ?
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 `8 U+ G9 ]6 P" Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 }5 j0 J- _* O% O' t7 ]- H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 ]4 ^0 u+ ?4 ?5 u1 l7 K! k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
  t. g$ S8 o4 J7 xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 t; c) S0 M/ g) i! Q) {5 ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( s3 H* h! R7 n! ]$ ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 x+ ^9 w1 q0 d) g$ W2 s
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ f% x/ g2 H8 {  C$ h2 [* |# ^/ G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; W% `6 g4 `( W: e% L: R8 k$ n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ }1 I& i' ]5 g2 y4 z8 |; E1 B! |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ K; }8 O( }; m. f7 k5 y. Z/ g! @, {2 V(prepubertal).& _" s  N! A' h4 d
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& c8 m, ?! y* D4 \5 ?5 \% }results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 G) z! c1 M6 x# a, k/ K: y! lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 M. S" c( z: J4 u+ Qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to  E) j7 z+ w) @0 S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ B4 G" w! s& t5 @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 R( O. ^  U. N$ G) G5 G. MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
8 B% ]5 V0 ^8 m  }$ J( vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 L5 a% P9 V$ c4 c1 Q8 M/ u7 ]7 l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 n' b8 T& r. ^. j4 u4 xunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 C! _+ L1 Q& o4 }# g) n
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 l  y1 A9 e) F+ pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% p, f( H! n2 Q/ y6 ?1 }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 G! t7 W# F8 _% d) @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- l( n% Z3 L  @9 q7 [4 w
ing frequent erections.
+ p( k3 E+ u" @* l/ E3 iBoth parents were again questioned about use of
: U% Y, V3 v; ]/ h3 i: D( `7 Q% many ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 E6 h: [' Y  Q0 tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; Z5 Q3 |  h7 N) f" TTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- b7 q2 i+ p& j5 m0 c7 ?use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' I( M. u5 J+ \
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 L% w: R* n3 ?/ Q; j  w$ ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 N+ K1 F0 l" M% d- kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 u) ?  d) y% k1 `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ G+ P& v0 _' w5 C1 p2 e. W
secondary to depression.
* |7 Z& T& f6 B5 h& q- x0 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.8 E( j" b: y* R( |4 I# p" g
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: ]* g5 d4 s& G  ?. Ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# V$ ]' e+ W6 O9 Z2 I- z3 t1 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" c! Z5 T' [2 ?& X/ ?( q. aThe father also admitted that after the phone call,  z5 c  l+ k, B+ s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby# u  I9 m( U' Y, B! a7 `2 \! d. W
was high, he then read the product information
1 Q2 `( o. V4 ~: ^! Z( U/ Rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& o) V2 p/ ~* q* ^+ J+ }# T2 Z, n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. u+ n7 ~& L  t1 X" ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  q- a7 l( G& y6 D% S, c: ^# Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* l$ ~  b# V, f' K7 M4 }3 o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ r* V5 i, B7 N. S4 G+ otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 v' I0 a+ i) F& o; T. w
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ C9 U6 l/ }8 i  A- M1 m6 zDiscussion
; C# T6 i. m. i5 r' IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; y: t8 }  P/ v4 |* @* f2 J5 v/ ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 N" b" r0 r, X: I" q' y  R* xPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) t$ w; Q, u: P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 ?2 F2 ^0 |- R- F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- `' i3 C2 y7 j. B6 M5 ?* g6 {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! {: i& v3 d& B/ M9 Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 e* K3 I- b7 C3 N# }responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 p% D& F: z$ h9 i7 k0 c" J+ j
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 R; o9 p9 N7 Z5 B6 E# \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% M/ s* U0 c& L. }2 y3 a. ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ l2 y1 k$ H2 g! c* d/ z1 uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# m( b' c% O$ \) ?! @
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: q) Z" M( ^) U7 r8 X/ jgonadotropins.1,3" ~5 S6 p( K* C# S
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 z* }+ l" @. U4 {7 l. }; Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ A8 V  E( ]0 L; Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 ~$ J2 f! a! a0 E
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) v3 e' ]; n  M0 L( A- ~. h# N+ _ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  ?/ N6 M& ?. X5 U, }1 @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; C/ X! v  v) x; R- D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' J  b$ Y. g9 S4 @) Z; m, O/ m: _- Spuberty in boys.3,4  u4 i6 V- ]2 ]2 l# C
The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 U# z3 @- F3 v+ Z" `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 ]) N/ c- A/ W5 \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" A: \" k8 |' t' ?8 B- A3 \$ Yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# H# M, J8 e8 q! \6 c, `; c8 W
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 i, O$ @, W4 b5 l; ^excess.1,3
9 f) \$ f9 Z" I* hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ a) G1 Y3 z: k7 X$ {+ h9 g: E# G7 P) t
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 C9 O1 U3 k+ `% M8 JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ d1 ~1 g$ ~  \1 zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ \' R; B1 V, ]) ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% b: Q; Z6 H  G! ?6 S1 W' \very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 |: b3 S  s3 X: s0 m9 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ W/ e3 G  _1 W' r4 J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 y; A7 b& v1 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 f0 ^% z% h# R+ gare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 F9 X! W- o5 D& H6 `2 T0 Ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 j1 j+ N' F4 M3 p" Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. |3 P* }1 e9 L* ?, U/ ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 n* g$ H2 W+ g$ c. C1 g& B0 mmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 F6 x  f1 w2 l2 e- E/ b' \
may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ m* Q+ d- F* ]! eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! K! g( c  h0 E1 N4 a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) d, c2 n3 ]& J0 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 A: f, K$ M1 }* S0 _' |, \was in the differential diagnosis because his father& z; t. N$ c# ?2 Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 T2 \/ \8 j8 S8 ?* i& ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# {; S) A! }( m* R
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' _. E. c- l1 H0 N- ^2 P6 h1 g# xative initial history of androgen exposure, our" p! o# s. Q2 N% _7 E2 a7 o5 S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# u- K# l0 X1 i3 G' U
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& t( V5 ]) A  g7 l( k, tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% z# a7 C& Z; B8 b; G
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., K. X; o3 f! @, Q, i. z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; o- j& A/ q! A& s0 v$ D, N4 P9 ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 V' b4 |: d- e; e) F: G- Lthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" n7 Y4 @) m, b3 upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! K, o8 r0 E& |& |, [/ l- Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! C& N, S+ `- E. r4 b, c6 u/ B
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ @- K) L4 F% o5 fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ G; J8 g6 u: M" K" H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 c* b3 |* W% x8 v' o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* i; k7 h3 E( E0 O5 p. P( ~) Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. e: o. G& ^7 M  v" q# n& u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 @/ n) t! [( X+ e0 w7 |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# n2 h* A' Z9 |3 e* E( W  m! @3 P. neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 U4 X+ x$ f' _. H9 s
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-  l" o9 ?7 C& p( k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& ~* n7 p  P1 WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ v: ]# z, `9 J9 E, H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ F7 y2 H2 D" U1 u" s" G' F2 ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' O1 C5 _& ^% k/ x
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" U5 s/ q  V  y9 k1 t9 G$ j
active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 [, h6 k" C) Rexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ K: V, d5 r# `' E
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ G- e; n" a$ K( q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 c- @! F' `6 q, D9 O2 g
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
% j$ V1 `, o% y; `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" p7 M* V/ e, n, kThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) \& K# c  p& m  K! g
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! {& |- D8 B- A5 Padult height are not fully known and always remain
  @* S) i; @- K" C- da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# u/ P$ N2 {- |% ?2 p/ N
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ t2 r, {. R  n0 v6 Q$ y+ H9 w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 d# i; n! _( ^cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 J! k8 _* @' B8 C. M2 ^
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& J( J2 g( ~" x) K7 e: k0 w- c( V
There are conflicting reports and controversy
1 Y( @3 n' o1 W( kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 S: G7 z: G) T  R  i/ @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, Z; |. z1 k$ Padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& U/ G% |* r+ r+ i
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; c. T' ^/ K, h  U# W8 R2 [5 u$ a+ zSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 L4 P9 K+ R1 a: D( M% |childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% `& h. f; k, _. c" _penile length in clinical studies.! \2 M) D8 e2 R
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& H/ F' f4 P* e+ Igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. y% i1 {; J, F5 G4 u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
9 g! I9 V: U) Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 a) P  V  `8 Z8 a4 S, y4 ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 I0 g1 m: C: b/ X2 C3 e
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 u. V- S4 Y, Q- f: F: xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 K+ u) M" M" I8 f8 X
height will not be affected.
4 J1 T% L' ?: n7 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-" L9 ?8 o6 }- |% [& C8 z8 n
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 V. a( s* h- r5 I0 y) Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female( i2 [# T5 j% |4 q% n+ p
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* O1 p$ e% n" y# F# q4 jgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 H0 a/ [; e, X. E7 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 h3 g0 ^1 ]  a, Z/ O# e* Z
gel should be asked of the family members during
& d9 ?0 x- X0 A/ Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# @  o: ~& e3 ~
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 e# [- O' b5 j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: _* J! V0 E! O; N) v' Bappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 C" m0 i" w+ N4 Lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 Z/ S3 n" b3 k3 A- d/ ]5 J  q- H
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ L0 y. f# c) g/ `2 w4 s9 G% @investigation. The primary care physician should be
; U" V: `  ~7 }& L/ z" n' q! Maware of this fact, because most of these children
7 F) N' A! }! }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ R8 H* ~! i! D/ N, W3 E
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 B$ g; K  J" C8 |warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" R2 Y7 _1 n( Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 u- J' w- j8 p; p; L5 E4 C9 Z# ?/ uone using any of these products.' E  ?! `( n9 ~7 M# I5 @; c
References5 q  Z7 x8 ]6 I9 \& Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ @- }, O) }1 u# A% o. Hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 j: ?, c  }8 x0 k7 i
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 \& m  W6 m- n! P# S2002: 565-628.8 h' q2 C* G3 c; z
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  o0 L9 ~1 c  y1 s( C9 Hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
" q# T  D4 U- O- d4 {
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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