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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ q5 t1 @9 s- kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 R" G# O5 `$ a8 F7 f0 k
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# c" m+ s5 Z9 p. pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system* F0 g0 B; b' }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 }6 p) i, K  X8 g: S: N
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
: h. O1 J0 D8 X9 G: q# J% Q( Rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# S* ?8 p0 X1 s9 c" @' K0 q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. q8 q! R' z* d1 Breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the0 F  P* }+ R* b$ s" @# Q
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 m( H  T7 u- P/ v
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- L& ^7 w, J/ H
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) i2 @$ Y7 \) D6 B) ~! e1 m$ Fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! u1 |, N& ^- f( ]/ S1 gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 s1 ], A3 ?  h
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' z9 L) Q/ L' C( i) O0 |6 a
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' H, `5 _+ b; M  A6 s; v& h4 z8 Pbly more common than the rare case report in the
; V* E" R2 N" m9 E& d2 Z1 oliterature.4
# |, p* ^. Y1 QPatient Report9 j( A+ Y; y1 ^- H0 ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 ^$ n) H; b8 K6 e# ~
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: ~' X% G3 a+ q# S0 x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; M+ F: b( L4 I  r5 klight colored pubic hair development when he was
' i! e" D. n8 o+ v( h- KFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. P7 ?8 s: e1 f7 c1 R) ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ r. b  G, f3 GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 H& _' V* P+ {( s) q" ^( _/ }7 FProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' ?0 X1 t& G9 L2 E8 j- _' e# a+ I  ^
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 F+ J$ w) p+ S$ z1 e4 i; |
e-mail: [email protected].
! {  P" o% m- z# m% @/ Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& {, u8 x2 _' p! f' C0 n2 E% _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 n: C) g$ e7 N, \& Oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" }. M- v' {9 R# b
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 t4 R% f! t6 p1 Ma birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 J8 K0 h# \/ j. w+ G1 V+ V20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 G# H6 R! D- H$ Z9 M$ I; y" oof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 f6 r( Z( h& I0 K  g4 t  |% O
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: z6 A* r9 d, Y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; F# h4 K' d: b
was age appropriate.& J' P4 K- v" n. o9 X/ N# h. u
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, b* x( V1 v; C; I( [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 h2 L2 w) }& q7 ?2 o1 o+ Q3 g) O# J
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ K( L: Z: B; U9 h$ mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 T' E; \( c; k2 P; E. T) learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 Z" @) a8 \1 p& d7 c% r8 P  [
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 E2 K3 }8 q6 A; g( [+ [) @child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# W" T7 s+ n0 H; X$ H6 w6 |6 H5 |
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; @# n9 x. r& J7 K! H% X4 o& j5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% N% X: F. n* @; ?! }" U. p+ y" j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 n# o* }) \0 O! A8 [6 U2 g
tives. There were no siblings.3 Q9 J) N" f: ?; m2 u6 w0 w
Physical Examination5 \) T, S3 Y3 ~" B$ n; w
The physical examination revealed a very active,* \/ G+ O4 w$ w' T) K
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. A$ i) i5 M; l9 Y( fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- ^" F* m0 m# e; E* P3 q4 [. j
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% U5 x  j; v* s! C- D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 s+ R$ K* S, D- g9 {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' S2 p- K4 y+ a1 [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 M5 k5 g; e" F: oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for" _/ b% C3 ]. K2 M* d/ j$ r: [5 h
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, O1 u4 t' Q; P+ r2 u4 M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 `5 J7 k! t' j1 t9 w: S6 D7 v
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& H7 ^9 c5 a+ U/ ^2 E2 [
540
# J! s- u9 @, P5 r9 F( [at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; j7 r: m/ b: v5 Qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 U$ `8 ?; W/ O5 I7 I* Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 z6 e% o% T. i! \  ]( bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 d4 g! r" D* ~6 I& g# t5 aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 @  C- j3 y$ J- ~2 {- i. ]abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: J1 u7 P% g7 o8 n- o: C( t
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  q: |0 d0 B, k, j) l/ J
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* j6 C8 G$ y' S7 {4 t/ N' n
of papilledema.
5 {, x' t! v0 g% Y% l* P5 [! LLaboratory Evaluation
. ~: D7 ]) D! i5 k* {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 A0 ?/ ^6 p7 E8 t- ]9 i; Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 P. O$ l$ {9 S2 ?: }/ h# E3 o
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 T" J4 d  i) I8 {9 p+ V7 u/ Vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ z, I/ \3 i& {: `( X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& d6 i$ c4 D, g' l+ Ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ ]% N  h- h& y" Z% g1 gThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 k$ ]. \6 K) r5 a+ `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ H0 b9 j2 e. N1 E$ I
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 D' p# J+ x' M- ]' m6 n0 Dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 {) M6 _; A- V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* _5 t1 ?* g! A& Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 W/ M% |' }6 p  nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- v* h4 Q' g# ~8 Y" \/ W; Ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ ]+ u* D# X- ]! \! {* k  o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" E. U+ ?0 d3 c, owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! Y/ H6 W! O4 A3 f. Mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 [8 z1 o( N4 s+ x! Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, j1 C9 o/ y# J4 L; j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' H) U+ n4 y+ v, G0 r0 N; m
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 w: k5 G& r, T) h/ V+ h+ l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 G; r: J9 F1 o; w! Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- i7 h! _0 q% }' T
(prepubertal).7 `* Q5 E- x3 B, A
The parents were notified about the laboratory& ?  k8 F) o5 R* O6 G$ D5 d
results and were informed that all of the tests were) R% N) b! d7 g* g4 B% r: A
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) |0 A. i5 u& u% N7 d
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 x9 Q. ^! W# |  ^4 Wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" X1 R) o1 Q  A! ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# G' D0 z, ^2 KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! V6 N/ e' D( j2 g: M" ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) u, H7 E  [# U9 j1 t( q; x" y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! T* ~5 k% Q5 J/ ?" ]3 K3 c3 b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 L/ r* v: @# \& kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; j: @) ^7 [) p: ^# L$ [the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 J. q3 d+ w3 A0 W4 m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( \, j, W. {& @8 f6 `: \+ ?8 n9 o) z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. A4 c2 \; U, H/ eing frequent erections.
$ L, J$ A: D( T  R: }2 IBoth parents were again questioned about use of1 s) y" ^4 W/ d+ B/ l5 e4 Z( d' M; U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& u0 V/ @9 j# |9 r* l# g7 hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 q# c* f" E5 e' e% u: Z. d
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 k2 }& ~6 c6 {' O" S6 {; G1 cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 k- u+ {: C! ^; d3 B2 c( Ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! d( {4 ~$ a& D! D* z
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 s1 R, x4 b: M$ [* C& d; e; k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- \$ K+ F& v, {! d6 m2 qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( _* f3 s: L* S# [  b1 S7 Msecondary to depression.7 s9 J) R) m4 h; r" v# ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ g$ C( h9 H: r' D) E6 }) U
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& x/ N3 }$ `4 M2 b, Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 I3 n% z2 f5 t& U- Rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
  R, D1 x! ~; U# f5 R% z  fThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% U0 O3 U) d, k2 R% P, M0 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& B8 F$ r9 ^. X. \7 ~1 c  Mwas high, he then read the product information5 Q* c& b& l# e4 s
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 a" a9 i: y  A, _6 j) f
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ Q4 @  D& p0 ^+ {+ U  N" Z2 J$ k% M
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ s, k2 O2 F7 Y2 G" ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ g0 m3 q- i! f; ~5 C+ |6 xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. @  ]7 p5 X; E# K/ ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 N% d: h7 N% O/ s7 F) Claboratory to obtain the test.
2 k8 b. x0 j; A- v% d$ [0 V( ~Discussion  H! [8 m, `. ~, G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! V1 k- b; D& g
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 x- T2 E$ l1 P5 @
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! d$ m6 C; @" x9 `2 {2 C* Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! q1 h8 B! ~' y! B! O5 M' Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ f' T- d: ?! ?" m3 Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( q0 A; U8 m4 q* A+ E  Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# P8 i! _7 S  }/ e$ y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 Q9 ?* T" \5 Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
9 ?1 c7 i& v$ [9 d% u9 p3 N" r8 Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  _- m& Z# i- n! J# ^
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 b% g9 b" j: V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 |4 G& S8 o& D. ?% F( f
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, f- `& U6 Z" W) H; Ogonadotropins.1,3
" X3 i# h7 i  L: O+ EGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; M- P& b( o% L/ d4 U% N' B/ ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( Y% b% g7 n' H3 m8 randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 m& R9 _' G+ ?; h( dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% ^8 ^) W7 {7 a2 a# Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ C; H* M/ i4 h* A* A4 s& Ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ~8 ?  V% _- n2 a( h$ v; nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" Y7 N7 w& D' k0 h2 ~) s2 P2 J
puberty in boys.3,49 y% _6 P  e0 a" T9 Q; I9 F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- b: B8 K' l! l& uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 @7 h8 ^0 z9 N4 F& o1 [9 D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. j( p- V# `2 N) C# Q' T" j, Aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  ]& O& \$ c7 ~) b
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! |! C( T; z0 u5 \" E% n
excess.1,3- `( ]" Q" T- n; q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# l" ^  j( N2 F- D# q! F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 x! N3 W" C5 D' [A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 o7 {2 Q2 N/ z& }3 Z& e, D) N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. w* L, }. v& P' h% ?
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" E. |8 z5 @4 D2 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys- r2 i4 v) M# K( g" M4 v* l
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
" q: {$ v# H6 T  y- C* m8 w; rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 O+ Z5 s  u! j1 L" I/ dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. J" S. ^' l4 T! B# V) y+ Sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% M; k, n' _2 H# G% D+ T+ r3 D2 xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ N2 C8 J  M/ l. l' N9 o" v5 w0 Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 {  k  A/ L* k* x- rautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" V' j' @% ^+ I3 q7 t4 v- Zmales; therefore, other male members of the family' N" P% n( I/ R* V+ o# }$ g* V
may have similar precocious puberty.3
5 N' Z, B& i5 X: Q- c( DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
, `6 Z% [) k& }- ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 Q9 h  C; H3 K+ u. ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ h2 W7 I% [. ]6 B; Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father) j) ]* p0 p. S# d9 f% \# N
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' u% ?" E9 T' etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
& `% z9 Z7 e5 R2 Hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 m! [9 S' s0 ]" V5 s$ H
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our. O/ L* q3 y6 R/ \  N- X6 {* h' d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 k0 s! R+ L7 z' B% zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* q# b8 P; R5 e3 }' X( a3 r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% t( M9 i) ~- G: Y; @ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: ?, }" L+ |  Y9 @: vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. i9 M1 L9 I# ?- m! q; f8 A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 U( I" c% n  J7 w+ m$ \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
! q% ]) r  c# t' m0 }9 cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* s2 K% D/ h; Rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 M  w% D+ n8 T  j4 w7 N1 {( X5 {
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 x: [+ `' H/ ?+ c, B& A; v
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( t9 ?0 s6 u2 g! w8 O# d: f
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
( Z# L+ k/ h+ Ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* {; b  }7 ?( C7 h- \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: D" H* o% `/ L+ USerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; ~8 i7 @" L% h# h6 S2 U, [: jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to( u8 M, d1 V; e6 d: `
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 K; S4 j) R" k" K3 O& F
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. `6 Z! w% R. x$ P* x5 U- L
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 d: [" O: v. V4 B: [Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. M9 N% y; F+ ~8 O! Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* V* D& ]% P0 [/ X: n% y3 }- ^dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' R6 a+ D" _8 ?( U$ Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" [" w/ O) u' R" m# L. K0 C; A
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- F  i# m% [1 x& K; [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 O6 U0 q) D" @% Q# I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 j% j% P' e) C. W& zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' |, p5 c/ n' L: x* Uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
  ]' H, e& L' t) D9 z: w( B5 fadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ ?- }3 x, q; n6 S( c2 [& g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 a+ {9 D  C! ^8 c4 `+ oearly childhood on pubertal development and final
7 b- ?$ L( j0 c0 B) Badult height are not fully known and always remain
0 c! S  T! }1 X4 ?! Qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" X" T% B: z% \& L' J) H# L8 @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& {* I/ N3 a& n5 P8 d5 `acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 U- x1 K' F: V2 P3 gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 Z9 c3 a  O2 ]3 s- h# g! [
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 o- p6 G" h5 o5 l- _) y
There are conflicting reports and controversy  p  J3 M5 n1 q% P
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' X0 e7 J3 E+ Y9 ^6 T, @2 bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ n5 d. e) H& e( Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' O' l! Z+ `/ U, |  K7 rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 l9 @( w" [) C) d/ v9 f- t9 Z
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ ?/ `# q4 @: E! Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; K, K8 ]5 U4 qpenile length in clinical studies.* w7 x" Q/ p0 {2 k4 ]: _
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 j( T# t" {' h# H! V, B3 S- Hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 J1 ^3 z; J3 mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% w9 I4 @, \( j, e( b+ E( F6 ^the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
* t9 N: B! p+ a/ ~6 Y& iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' i. q  I+ c, a3 [  y# C1 idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 }2 d9 ^- j. U8 H9 H8 k/ t
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" d9 |+ {, g2 [" H$ c8 z3 U
height will not be affected.
: M4 G# F9 V6 [, f/ R" S. {6 d% uAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& W4 O& G0 Q# f* ?- s) e/ Nability of androgen products in our society may* X4 z' H2 |, |5 O/ H* Z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
) H5 u6 r. x: Z! vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 L; _1 o' ^1 A& f. u) zgen products must be considered and specific ques-1 D' u7 }3 c) x0 H/ H: e
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) [6 p  k4 K0 a% S* u
gel should be asked of the family members during2 K; A' D! Z, [6 w$ C: J" T! p
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, O" z$ C' N  z! h8 |2 p, tilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 c+ _2 a, \9 ]. f7 L4 }6 c$ O/ _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by' c- ~8 V4 w: v7 _  O* u
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: z' U  S. ?& X) shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  v/ H  C( h. q9 I6 _( |3 t; Z' }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ }( W7 y& [1 q) Finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' _, I6 }0 A  A! X) C* b$ A% maware of this fact, because most of these children
' W( ?4 ~/ ], y6 Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: N+ B3 Z1 r/ J& W3 mDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ J2 \- Y/ m3 i5 x0 cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: P1 [" ^' L/ Q! a$ gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
  _6 S& ]5 o4 a9 c/ Qone using any of these products.
4 U7 |# a' w6 FReferences
4 D! W) v4 A% }1 b# @+ i9 `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ I3 h) }$ t( S7 h
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 l, p. z+ E4 f0 Q2 q* K
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  w# ^' N: A2 B
2002: 565-628.
* j! j3 f- W, L4 W  X2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- I; W* V" R2 _8 u) a7 @3 ?5 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
4 S; R6 D) N% ]+ i! H8 u0 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( ?8 G0 Q4 f0 g, n  }* c  q, b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543" m; d9 D5 U2 N4 O9 X) P) d3 N
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.& C. A) r$ \5 x" _+ q. e+ N2 S
2001;90:751-756.
; x2 l% Y: G' x' N* a8 n$ x& I3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
3 k% c/ i; M2 ]. t' u0 NPediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
  i% x& u8 U3 d
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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